What is JIA?
In JIA, the immune system causes inflammation in the lining of one or more joints. The inflamed joint becomes swollen, stiff and sometimes painful. It is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood, and while the exact cause is unknown, genetic, environmental and immune system factors are thought to contribute. JIA has several subtypes, which can affect different numbers of joints and may be associated with features such as fever, rash, tendon inflammation or psoriasis. Inflammation can also affect the eyes (uveitis), sometimes without symptoms, making regular eye screening essential to prevent potential vision complications.
Signs to look out for
- A swollen joint, such as a knee, ankle or wrist
- Stiffness, especially first thing in the morning or after rest
- Limping, or a younger child refusing to mobilise or use an affected limb
- Pain, although some children, especially young ones, do not complain of pain
- In some types of JIA, fevers and rash may be associated
Types of JIA
JIA is grouped into types based on how many joints are affected and other features in the first months.
Oligoarticular
Four or fewer joints affected.
Polyarticular
Five or more joints affected.
Systemic
Arthritis with fevers, with or without rash and other organ involvement.
Enthesitis-related
Arthritis and/or tendon inflammation.
Psoriatic
Arthritis with psoriasis, or a first-degree relative with psoriasis.
Undifferentiated
Arthritis that does not fit a single subtype, or meets criteria for more than one subtype.
How JIA is diagnosed
There is no single test for JIA. Diagnosis is based on a careful history and examination. Blood tests, ultrasound and MRI may help to clarify diagnosis and rule out other causes.
How JIA is managed
The aim is to reduce inflammation, protect joint health and enable your child to stay active and enjoy their usual activities. Depending on the type and severity, treatment may include:
- Anti-inflammatory medicines
- Steroid injections into an affected joint
- Medicines that calm the immune system, such as methotrexate or biologic medicines
- Physiotherapy and occupational therapy
Your child's plan is tailored to them and reviewed regularly.
Regular eye checks matter
Some children with JIA develop inflammation inside the eye (uveitis), which often causes no symptoms. Regular eye checks with an eye specialist are an important part of care, even if your child's eyes seem fine.
Common questions
Will my child grow out of JIA?
The course of JIA can be unpredictable, with some children experiencing mild disease and few flare-ups, while others have more persistent or severe symptoms. Treatment response varies. A proportion of children with JIA achieve complete remission before adulthood.
Can my child still play sport?
Activity helps keep joints moving and muscles strong. Children with JIA are strongly encouraged to keep active and participate in activity as tolerated. The degree of participation will change during an arthritis flare, and guidance can be obtained from your care team.
Do we need a referral?
Yes. A referral from your GP or specialist is needed for a Medicare rebate. Please address this to Dr Jessica McGrath at Arc Specialist Care.
Seeing us in Brisbane
Ask your GP or specialist for a referral to Dr Jessica McGrath at Arc Specialist Care, then call us to book.
This page is general information only and is not a substitute for advice about your child's individual situation. Please speak with your doctor about your child's care.