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Arc Specialist Care

Gynaecological oncology

Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer refers to cancer arising in the ovaries. Closely related cancers can also develop in the fallopian tubes or the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum). Although these cancers arise in different locations, the most common types behave similarly and are generally investigated and treated in the same way. They are therefore often discussed together under the term ovarian cancer.

Symptoms are often vague and can resemble those of more common, non-cancerous conditions.

Symptoms

Symptoms of ovarian cancer may include:

  • Persistent abdominal bloating or swelling
  • Abdominal or pelvic pain
  • Feeling full quickly or reduced appetite
  • Increased urinary frequency or urgency
  • Changes in bowel habits
  • Unexplained fatigue or weight changes

These symptoms do not necessarily indicate cancer, but new, persistent or worsening symptoms should be assessed by a doctor.

Tests and diagnosis

Assessment usually involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging and blood tests.

Pelvic ultrasound is often the first investigation and helps assess the appearance of an ovarian mass and whether there are features concerning for malignancy.

Blood tests, including CA-125, may provide additional information. CA-125 can be elevated in ovarian cancer but also in benign conditions. A normal result does not exclude cancer.

CT imaging may be recommended if cancer is suspected, particularly to assess the extent of disease.

A definitive diagnosis generally requires examination of tissue by a pathologist, obtained through surgery or biopsy.

Importantly, most ovarian cysts and masses are benign. Specialist assessment helps determine whether further investigation, surgery or monitoring is appropriate.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the type and extent of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and individual circumstances. Management is usually planned through a multidisciplinary team.

Surgery is an important component of treatment for many patients. In early-stage disease, surgery aims to remove the cancer and determine its extent. In advanced disease, the aim is to remove all visible cancer where this can be achieved safely.

Chemotherapy is commonly recommended for epithelial ovarian cancer. It may be given after surgery or, in some patients with advanced disease, before surgery to improve the likelihood of successful tumour removal.

Targeted and maintenance treatments may also be recommended, depending on the cancer subtype, genetic and molecular testing, and response to initial treatment.

Family history and genetics

Some ovarian cancers are associated with inherited genetic changes, particularly in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.

Genetic testing is recommended for many patients diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer, even without a family history. Results may influence treatment and help identify relatives who could benefit from genetic counselling.

Is there a screening test?

There is currently no effective screening test recommended for ovarian cancer, including for women at increased hereditary risk. Neither CA-125 blood tests nor pelvic ultrasound are recommended for routine screening.

Cervical screening tests do not detect ovarian cancer.

Common questions

I have an ovarian cyst or mass. Does this mean I have cancer?

Not necessarily. Most ovarian cysts and masses are benign. Referral to a gynaecological oncologist may be recommended when investigations identify features requiring specialist assessment.

Will I need surgery?

Not necessarily. This depends on your symptoms, imaging findings, blood tests and individual circumstances. Some ovarian masses can be safely monitored, while others require surgery.

Can I bring someone to my appointment?

Yes. You are welcome to bring a partner, family member or friend to your consultation.

Do I need a referral?

Yes. A referral from your GP or specialist is needed for a Medicare rebate. Please address this to Dr Shaun McGrath at Arc Specialist Care.

Further information and support

Cancer Council also provides free information and support on 13 11 20.

Seeing us in Brisbane

Ask your GP or specialist for a referral to Dr Shaun McGrath at Arc Specialist Care, then call us to book.

Call 07 3102 4068Before your appointment

This information is general in nature and does not replace individual medical advice. Investigation and treatment recommendations depend on your specific circumstances.

Call 07 3102 4068Directions