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Arc Specialist Care

Gynaecological oncology

Vaginal cancer

Vaginal cancer is a rare cancer that develops in the tissues of the vagina. Most cases are squamous cell cancers, some of which are associated with persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

Cancer involving the vagina may also arise from or spread from another site, particularly the cervix or uterus. Distinguishing primary vaginal cancer from cancer arising elsewhere is important when planning treatment.

Symptoms

Early vaginal cancer may not cause symptoms. When present, symptoms can include:

  • Vaginal bleeding after intercourse or menopause
  • Unusual or blood-stained vaginal discharge
  • A lump or lesion within the vagina
  • Pain during intercourse
  • Pelvic pain or discomfort

These symptoms are not specific to cancer, but persistent or unexplained symptoms should be investigated.

Tests and diagnosis

Assessment involves examination of the vagina, often using colposcopy to examine the area under magnification and identify abnormalities.

A biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis.

If cancer is diagnosed, imaging such as MRI, CT or PET may be recommended to assess the extent of disease and guide treatment planning.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the type, location and extent of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and individual circumstances. Management is generally planned through a multidisciplinary team.

Radiotherapy is an important treatment for many vaginal cancers. It often involves a combination of external beam radiotherapy and internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy). Chemotherapy may be given alongside radiotherapy to improve treatment effectiveness.

Surgery may be appropriate for selected patients, particularly those with small, localised cancers. The extent of surgery depends on the location of the tumour and its relationship to surrounding structures.

For advanced or recurrent disease, additional treatments may be considered according to individual circumstances.

Treatment planning also considers the potential effects on bladder and bowel function, vaginal anatomy and sexual health.

HPV and precancerous changes

Some vaginal cancers are associated with persistent HPV infection and may develop from precancerous changes known as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN).

VAIN is not cancer, and management depends on the severity, location and extent of the abnormality. Options may include monitoring, topical treatments, laser treatment or surgical excision.

Common questions

Is vaginal cancer the same as cervical cancer?

No. They are separate cancers, although both may be associated with HPV infection. Cancer involving the vagina can sometimes represent spread from a cancer originating in the cervix or another organ.

Will I need surgery?

Not necessarily. Radiotherapy, often combined with chemotherapy, is an important treatment for many vaginal cancers. Surgery may be recommended in selected circumstances.

Can treatment affect sexual function?

Yes. Surgery and radiotherapy can affect vaginal anatomy, sensation and sexual function. Your treating team can discuss these potential effects and strategies to minimise or manage them.

Do I need a referral?

Yes. A referral from your GP or specialist is needed for a Medicare rebate. Please address this to Dr Shaun McGrath at Arc Specialist Care.

Further information and support

Cancer Council provides free information and support on 13 11 20.

Seeing us in Brisbane

Ask your GP or specialist for a referral to Dr Shaun McGrath at Arc Specialist Care, then call us to book.

Call 07 3102 4068Before your appointment

This information is general in nature and does not replace individual medical advice. Investigation and treatment recommendations depend on your specific circumstances.

Call 07 3102 4068Directions